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Patient Comments About PBM Reimbursement

I understand the logic if I am the pharmacies of reaching out to the patients to motivate them and use that to compel the legislators to act but doesn’t it seem strange to have an end customer comment about the supply chain relationship of two entities. What am I talking about?

The Coalition for Community Pharmacy Action which is made up of the National Community Pharmacists Association (NCPA) and the National Association of Chain Drug Stores (NACDS) conducted a survey of 1,000 pharmacy patients about the slow reimbursement of Medicare Part D drugs by the PBMs and upcoming cuts in Medicaid reimbursement. Not that I don’t think it’s an issue, but I find it hard to believe consumers knew about the issue and weren’t “coached” into answers based simply on the way the questions were asked. Regardless, the results were:

  • 83% said that it was unfair that “PBMs and prescription drug plans keep money as long as possible, allowing them to earn interest on it, while pharmacies must continue to provide their services and prescription drugs upfront to patient even though they haven’t been paid.” [Do you think the average patient would say that if you simply asked them what they thought about reimbursement policies for pharmacies?]

The survey is obviously to drive support for two bills – H.R.1474, the Fair and Speedy Treatment of Medicare Prescription Drug Act of 2007, and S.1954, the Pharmacy Access Improvement Act (PhAIM) of 2007 which require complete and accurate Part D claims submitted electronically be paid within 14 days by electronic funds transfer, and paper claims within 30 days.

  • 78% thought it was unfair that “under the new rule, pharmacies that participate in the Medicaid program would have to sell generic drugs at a loss.” [I believe it’s possible, but I would like to see the math here. Is it net of their costs? Are their costs direct labor or is it a volume issue?]

“We have reached critical mass in our efforts to rectify the debilitating consequences of the Medicare Part D and Medicaid reimbursement systems,” said Bruce Roberts, RPh, NCPA executive vice president and CEO. “The sentiments expressed by community pharmacies, members of Congress, and organizations such as NCPA and the National Rural Health Association are well known. The missing voice has been the patients who are adversely affected by the consequence of community pharmacies being squeezed to the breaking point. Now we have a comprehensive scientific survey indicating patients find the reimbursement policies objectionable and are supportive of the pending legislative solutions that should spur action in the halls of Congress.”

I am a big believer in the independent pharmacy. They have and continue to play a vital role in many communities and serving patients in a very hands-on way. As the market has changed, it has been difficult. Seniors, who I believe are disproportionately represented at the independent pharmacies, were cash paying customers for a long time. Medicare Part D changed that and took away a great source of cash flow and margin.

Population Change – Good Graphic

Doing some cleaning and came across this image which does a great job of showing the transition across age groups over the next 12 years.  This tells you a lot about how we will have to adapt the system to support, care for, and communicate with a very different population.

change-in-age-groups.png

A Few Other Facts From CSC’s Survey

While I was flipping through CSC’s 2004 Customer Intelligence Diagnostic Survey, I found a few other interesting facts:

  • Only 20.7% of the 58 Fortune 1000 companies have a 360 degree view of the customer (i.e., consolidated data across the enterprise)
  • Only 41% of them had used external data to augment their internal customer data
  • Only 10% of the companies had a high degree of confidence that their customer data was clean, accurate, and timely
  • 20% of the companies never capture responses to marketing campaigns for evaluation and another 40% only collect the data occasionally
  • Only 25% were capturing and using customer preferences
  • Only 28% were using an external source (e.g., National Change of Address) to update and verify addresses
  • 62% of them were segmenting customers based on demographic or behavioral criteria
  • 59% of them segment customers based on preferences and needs
  • Almost 80% believe they are missing revenue opportunities due to poor data quality or lack of integrated information
  • Only 22% make customer insights readily available to all their personnel in sales, marketing, and service
  • Only 19% have business rules and triggers to launch targets treatments across customer touch points

There were no healthcare companies included in the survey, but I am sure they would have lagged even more.  Now, some of this has likely changed over the past few years, but there is a lot to be done to address the opportunities.

Proactively Addressing Customer “Defection”

Where your customer (or patient) has the ability to defect (i.e., chose another health plan, go to another PCP or hospital, chose another drug or pharmacy), what are you doing to predict this and act in advance.  As the old saying goes, it is cheaper to keep a customer than to attract a new one.

In wondering what other industries do, I was a little discouraged to find the following in CSC’s 2004 Customer Intelligence Diagnostic Survey:

“half of the respondent firms never, or almost never, perform defection analysis to identify customers who are on the verge of defection.  Nevertheless, over half of the respondents claim that they have developed targeted programs to prevent defection.”

Even companies that ask about your experience or satisfaction often don’t act on it.  For example, I have stayed at the Detroit Ritz several times for personal travel.  Each time, check-in has been bad.  Every time I check out, they ask how my experience was.  I say it was okay.  They say great and move on.  [Which shouldn’t be acceptable at a place like the Ritz that prides themselves on customer service.]  Never have they asked me for feedback.  So, instead, I complain to the national office and get a gift certificate which costs them money…simply for not acting on my lack of satisfaction.

In healthcare, it may be a little harder to predict, but not filling a maintenance drug or not scheduling a follow-up appointment are definitely bad signs.  A quick follow-up survey to any experience will tell you a lot.   And, as I think I have mentioned before, for healthy people that never experience their healthplan, it makes a lot of sense to reach out to them prior to open enrollment when all they will see is another rate hike.

A few recent entries on other blogs

It is always important to see what others are writing about on their blogs. There are now almost 700 healthcare blogs tracked by eDrugSearch. (Just 6 months ago, I think it was only 400.) Here are a few recent posts worth reading.

The main value of transparency is not necessarily to enable easier consumer choice or to give a hospital a competitive edge. It is to provide creative tension within hospitals so that they hold themselves accountable. This accountability is what will drive doctors, nurses, and administrators to seek constant improvements in the quality and safety of patient care. So, even if we can’t compare hospital to hospital on several types of surgical procedures, we can still commend hospitals that publish their results as a sign that they are serious about self-improvement.

    • On DiabetesMine, there is a great summary of all the things that have happened around this disease in 2007.
    • It’s not healthcare specific, but Seth Godin’s entries are always interesting.  Read this one about what you did in the past and grabbing opportunity.  It should help you set a positive outlook for 2008.
    • A new blog that I recently started following is called Enterprise Decision Management.  Here is one entry on Business Intelligence 2.0.  He has lots of great entries that I will elaborate on later.  This approach is core to creating an intelligent healthcare communications strategy.
    • The Hospital Impact blog has a nice entry on 2007: A Year in Review.
    • On the Health Business Blog, David talks about “shopdropping” which is a retail activity where people leave things at stores (i.e., reverse shoplifting).  Interesting.
    • John quotes a study on the eHealth blog that says that 39% of physicians are e-mailing patients.  I find that amazing.  I have never heard of a physician doing this.
    • On Hospital Marketing, there is an entry on Hospitals in Facebook which makes the point about healthcare being behind and not thinking creatively about how to use new media.  I would like to see some discussion there on the topic, but there hasn’t been any yet.

    Just a few other blogs to check out.

      Setting Healthcare Goals

      I have always been a big believer in using New Years as an excuse to think about my goals – what did I accomplish last year, what do I hope to accomplish in 2008, and what are my 5 and 10-year goals. With the exception of a few years, I have done this for most of the past decade. It is a an interesting tale of how my priorities have evolved from very career oriented in the early years after business school to much more balanced now. My goals will now typically include a few career objectives, some family objectives, a financial planning objective, and a few personal objectives (e.g., run a 1:40 half-marathon).

      When I got ready to write this entry, I decided to try and find a story / study that I had heard referenced numerous times about an ivy league class where they tracked the success of people that wrote down their goals versus those that didn’t. Unfortunately, all I found was that it was a myth. I still believe it is a helpful process, and I think telling some of them to others so that they encourage you is also important.

      A good term to use in setting goals (work or personal) is S.M.A.R.T. which stands for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Timely. Just Google “SMART goals” and you will find numerous links. It is often a good idea to have a specific objective or event and/or to reward yourself. (e.g., I want to lower my BMI by X points prior to my annual visit to the doctor and will upgrade the cabin on my next cruise if I achieve this.) And, don’t forget to set a baseline metric for where you are today so you know how much you have improved.

      So what goals should you have a health consumer…here are a few ideas:

      • Know your metrics (BMI, HDL/LDL)
      • Understand your family history and probability of diseases
      • Lose weight or improve your physical fitness
      • Take any preventative measures needed based on age or gender or other attributes
      • Take advantage of any wellness programs offered (wellness goal article)
      • Learn about the food you take into my body
      • Eliminate any unhealthy activities (e.g., smoking)

      And, what goals would we want our healthcare companies to have for the new year:

      • Understand me as an individual and how I want to be communicated with
      • Improve your customer service so it is proactive and I only have to tell you once who I am
      • Make your communications understandable to me not only to a medical professional
      • Help me manage my data
      • Give me tools to make decisions don’t just shift risk and responsibility to me
      • Help me with prevention and wellness and other long-term activities

      With that in mind, it should be interesting to see if Revolution Health gets some traction with their new offering – Resolutions 2.0. From what I have read and seen, it looks like they have created an online tool for setting and tracking goals and combined that with two things – social interaction to build encouragement and expert insight to provide hints and advice. It will be interesting to see the adoption and use. It would be great if they could track it versus a control group to see the improvement in achievement of goals.

      “The beginning of a new year always brings with it a fresh start and the best of intentions to change one’s life for the better,” said Steve Case, chairman and CEO of Revolution Health. “We all make New Year’s resolutions but going it alone can often make those good intentions a grind. By adding the power of friend-to-friend support along with expert information, RevolutionHealth.com is offering a simple, fun and free way for people to achieve goals they never have before.”

      The expert “groups” they have created include the following which although broader in scope than I expected seem to have something for all of us:

      1. Improve My Relationship/Marriage
      2. Keep My Family Active
      3. Take Charge of Your Life
      4. Become A Complaint Free Person
      5. Eat Right and Stay Slim
      6. Walk More to Lose Weight
      7. Sleep At Least 7 Hours A Night
      8. Have a Smoke Free Day
      9. Lose Up to 20 lbs By Spring
      10. De-stress

      US News and World Report Health Links

      If you haven’t been there, US News and World Report has a good site for healthcare rankings and other information. Here are a few of the things you will find there:

      1. A link to Healthline where you can get help with Medicare Part D
      2. A list of the top plans according to rankings by NCQA (National Committee for Quality Assurance)
      3. Risk assessment tools on things like heart disease
      4. Links to health centers on topics like Asthma

      Of course, the ranking are the most unique feature since the other health information is probably available on lots of other sites.  You can see some of the things that NCQA looked at in the rankings on the site also.

      us-news-rankings-of-plans.png

      Passing on the costs of unhealthy behavior

      I mentioned it in a blog post a few days ago, but apparently, companies can now screen employees for something like smoking if they have a published policy.  [I don’t know all the details.]

      The Cleveland Clinic won’t hire anyone who smokes anymore and Scott’s gives you six months to quit smoking or you get fired.  (Based on the fact that it costs about $3,400 more per year to employ someone who smokes.)

      I asked a friend of mine at a large insurer this week who verified that they are getting lots of requests from employers around smoking.  Most companies are trying to figure out whether they discourage smoking or simply pass on the costs to the smoker.  This begs the obvious carrot or stick discussion in terms of motivation.

      It made me wonder what would be next.  Obesity would seem like the condition that companies would want to address since it is tied to so many diseases and drives so much cost.  Maybe a BMI sliding scale for healthcare costs.  Of course, you would need to have some type of test to exclude people who were genetically pre-disposed or medically not able to control their weight. 

      Whatever approach was taken, there is a lot to driving positive behavior.  A blog entry on Consumer Focused Care does a great job of talking about this.  He talks about how a group of maids became healthier simply by being told that their work (e.g., scrubbing floors) was equal to the recommended daily exercise.  There is a power in being positive and helping people realize what they can do to make a difference. 

      PHR as a Chip

      I am sure some people think of this as a crazy notion.  Would this ever happen?  What are the implications?  What is the value?

      People getting “chipped” seems scary to a lot of people.  But, an intelligent chip that could collect body information – weight, blood pressure, etc – and feed it to a PHR (personal health record) seems pretty interesting to me.  Even simply having a chip that could be read and used to identify you if you were unconscious or dead or unable to identify yourself seems valuable.

      I have seen John Halamka talk briefly about his chip live, but I was glad to see that he has a whole entry about it on his blog “Life as a Healthcare CIO“.  It is a good read of the pros and cons. 

      The Cost of Stress

      I think it is always interesting to quantify something that many of us may deal with abstractly.  Money Magazine (Dec 2007, pg. 44) has an article called “Hidden Costs of Stress” which does just that.

      “Chronic stress, the kind you experience when the demands of life exceed your ability to cope, boosts the risk of developing ailments ranging from the common cold and gum disease to obesity and heart disease.”

      The author working with several other groups puts the costs per year of stress at:

      1. $300 for over-the-counter drugs (e.g., pain relievers and decongestants)
      2. $5,600 for physician visits and other out-of-pocket healthcare costs
      3. $375 for high life insurance premiums
      4. $500 or more for dental costs

      The other big issue is lost productivity which the article mentions saying that workers with severe stress miss 23 days of work a year.  That’s an economic hit to the employer along with a source of additional stress since your performance will be lower and you will use all your vacation days to cover your stress days.

      The article throws out a few simple methods to reduce stress – exercise, stretching and breathing deeply, and reducing caffeine.  Personally, I believe we have to learn to say “no” to control stress.  No – I am too busy to do that.  No – I don’t need to buy that until I have the money.  A lot of stress is often self-induced trying to do or have too much.

      So, given some obvious costs, I wonder if we will ever see a “disease management” type program to reduce and manage stress.

      If Trust is Important…What Do I Do With This?

      I don’t think anyone would argue that trust is one of the most important components of corporate branding especially if you are communicating with consumers.  How do you compel them to act (even if its in their self-interest) if they don’t trust you?

      That being said, what does it tell us that the healthcare industry ranks so low in the annual Harris Interactive survey which asks “Do you think <industry> generally do a good or bad job of serving their customers?”  Hospitals do okay with 74% of those surveyed saying yes.  Even drug companies rank okay at 61%.  [Cable is also at 61% and the phone company at 67%.]  Health insurance comes in at 46% with managed care at 41%.  The only lower companies are oil and tobacco companies.  We have to figure out how to fix this if we are going to successfully drive wellness and change healthcare in this country.

      harris-industry-survey.png

      My Poker Analogy for Healthcare

      I have a group of guys who I play poker with at least once a month. We play Texas Hold’Em which is all the rage and even on ESPN. One of the guys who follows my blog asked me why I didn’t compare poker to healthcare since I use every other analogy from my life. So, here goes…

      There are a couple of key skills in poker:

      • Understanding the math behind the cards.
        • If I have a pocket pair (e.g., two jacks in my hand), what is my probability of winning? Well this is tied first to how many people are playing and therefore how many other cards have been dealt.
        • Understand “pot odds” which basically means knowing what return I am getting on my chips if I bet (e.g., if there are 200 chips in the pot and another player bets 5,000, you are barely getting a $1 for each of your chips).
      • Understanding the people.
        • Some people play “tight” and only bet when they have good hands.
        • Some people like to bluff and are willing to take risk.
        • At the same time, you have to know both the person and their chip stack. Do they have a big chip stack (relative to the table) and therefore can take a chance?
      • Understand the game.
        • Depending on the order of betting and the number of cards played, you should act differently. It is critical to understand the order of betting.
        • It is also important to understand how people are playing the game. In big dollar games, amateurs typically won’t bluff. If you allow people to buy back in to the table versus an elimination process, people will be much more “loose” with their betting.
        • Understanding what their pattern of betting “should” mean. They checked…therefore they are weak and I can push them around.

      So…what does this have to do with healthcare or more specifically HealthComm.

      1. You should be developing your communications based on science. What works? What doesn’t work? [the math]
      2. You should be personalizing your communications and actions based on the individual and their disease. [the people]
      3. You should be learning from history and trying different approaches to improve your success rate. [the people]
      4. You should know what others are doing and really understand correlations. [the game]
      5. You need to know as much as possible about the individual and what other things influence them (e.g., income, age, geography) to know how they interpret information and their condition. [all of the above]
      6. What type of message will get action – reward, penalty, passive, aggressive. [all of the above]

      I may try another one, but I think this gets to the heart of it. Keep it simple…right.

      Sticky Messaging

      We used to talk a lot about stickiness of websites and eyeballs back in the late 1990s. The word still has some attraction and is a key point in the recent McKinsey interview with Chip Heath. Chip is a professor of Organizational Behavior at Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business.

      “The key to effective communication: make it simple, make it concrete, and make it surprising.”

      Although the article is primarily around what executives need to do to make their messaging and ideas stick with diverse audiences, it has a lot of relevance for healthcare.

      “A sticky idea is one that people understand when they hear it, that they remember later on, and that changes something about the way they think or act.”

      Think about all the things you want to tell your patients or members or employees (or vice-versa all the things you patients want your healthcare companies to tell you):

      • There has been a change to your X (copay, formulary, network).
      • You have an opportunity to save money by doing X.
      • We are missing X data that will delay your coverage.
      • We see that X happened and wanted to gather data on your experience or proactively address your question.
      • Welcome to our plan. Have you registered on the website? Have you received your ID card?
      • Please take this Health Risk Assessment.
      • Your credit card has expired. Would you like to update it?
      • Your order is delayed. If this is an emergency, please do X?
      • We see you were on the website. Did you find what you needed?
      • Do you need a copy of your X (formulary, provider directory)?
      • You have not yet picked a Primary Care Physician. Would you like to do that now?
      • Did you receive the information that we sent you?
      • Are you following your physicians orders? Did you do X? Why or why not?
      • Our records show us that you are due for a X. (Flu shot, screening)
      • Are you using any over-the-counter products that we should have in our database to identify drug-drug interactions?
      • Please remember to refill your medication?
      • Are you having any side effects or complications associated with your recent medication or procedure?
      • Have you enrolled yet in our disease management (or incentive) program? Would you like more information?
      • Welcome to the plan.
      • We know it is time for open enrollment. We hope you will renew with us. We are offering a local meeting to help you learn more about your benefits. Would you like to attend?
      • X has changed with your drug, condition, etc. There is new information available at Y.
         

        Getting back to the article…He offers several good examples of sticky messages which are primarily what I would call rallying calls for organizations. In healthcare, the key is to find these simple messages that compel people to act. So, bottom lining it, he gives six basic traits:

      1. Simplicity – short and deep
      2. Unexpectedness – uncommon sense messages generate interest and curiosity
      3. Concreteness – his example is don’t say “seize leadership in the space race” but say “get an American on the moon in this decade”
      4. Credibility – this should be so easy in healthcare if you leverage all the people and stories out there
      5. Emotions
      6. Stories

      He has a few great stories such as:

      • A Nordstrom’s person wrapping something bought at Macy’s just to make the customer happy. [And probably without point it out.]
      • A FedEx driver who forgot the key to a box simply unbolting the box from the ground and throwing it in the truck so they weren’t late.

      These things reinforce the message while becoming a type of urban legend that stay with people. They evoke emotion in a simple way.

      One good example I have from Express Scripts was around trying to motivate people to change from one drug to another. When Zocor was going generic, we decided to launch a huge multi-modal campaign to drive down Lipitor marketshare and move people to Zocor so that when it went generic everyone would win. [Clients would save; patients would save; and we would make more money.] It worked. But, prior to the program, we worked with linguists and others to design and test a set of messages. The one that resided best was “we have a secret that can save you money”. People were intrigued and listened. They felt like they were being let in on something that was important. We ended up positioning it similar to a Consumer Reports Best Buy. It worked.

      Looking for an Acquisition – Speculation

      With the stock market handsomely rewarding the PBMs especially Medco and Express Scripts, they have cash and stock value to go on the acquisition path. Express Scripts has grown through acquisition over the years leading up to its acquisition of several specialty pharmacy companies a few years ago. In the St. Louis Business Journal, David Myers (VP, Investor Relations) is quoted as saying “Acquisitions are Express Scripts ‘No. 1 priority for our strong cash flow'”.

      [By the way, as I have previously disclosed, I own no ESRX stock or other stocks individually. I only invest in mutual funds…and do very well with it.]

      Although it’s been out for a week, I just read it this morning so before I run into anyone there I want to have fun guessing what Express Scripts might acquire. Usually, all I hear about is speculation of who might buy them. It typically is either a retailer like Walgreens or Wal-Mart or occasionally a managed care company. I don’t see them getting bought with the valuation so high. And, there are very few payor other than United Healthcare (which is tied to Medco) or WellPoint that could swallow such an acquisition. And, I am sure Walgreen’s won’t do anything until they see what the CVS/Caremark deal looks like, but if it works, they would have to make a bid for Medco or Express Scripts to compete.

      1. Buy one of the many regional PBMs that exist. This would be the easy play. It could be integrated. There is lots of synergy. But, people still go to the regional players for a reason, and you may lose a lot of the lives. Now, buying Walgreen’s PBM might be an interesting play and create a sticky relationship with them to align against CVS/Caremark.
      2. Buy a niche PBM in an area such as Worker’s Compensation. Not a bad strategy. They used to have about 20% marketshare in this space. They could also go after the Third Party Billers here although I think that market space may collapse.
      3. Buy another specialty PBM. I hope not. They have the assets already to be successful here. All you would be doing here is buying lives for people committed to one particular pharmacy. I think the premium would be too high.
      4. Go into a related space like dental or vision, but they tried vision before and it never really took off.
      5. Go into the data (e.g., IMS) or IT space (e.g., Ingenix), but they have also tried this and it never took off.
      6. Continue to acquire in the consumerism space. They recently bought ConnectYourCare. There are lots of companies out there doing interesting things in this space and with the projected growth here there are lots of opportunities. The problem is valuation of these companies, maturity of the business model, their risk in going into this business, and their focus on the traditional PBM model.
      7. Buy a technology company like an e-prescribing company (e.g., Prematics where Barrett Toan (founder of ESI) is an advisor) or a Physician Practice Management company (e.g., Pat McNamee the Chief Administrative Officer came from Misys which I believe was for sale) or healthcare IT company like Cerner or a pharmacy automation vendor like ScriptPro or a Personal Health Record company (like Aetna bought ActiveHealth).
      8. Buy a disease management company. Medco has a 10-year (I think) deal with Healthways which I would assume is a “try and buy” type relationship (i.e., let’s try this out and if it works we will buy you at a pre-determined price). ESI has worked with LifeMasters in the past, but I assume there are lots of players out there with interesting models.
      9. Follow Medco and buy in the disease space and DME (durable medical equipment) space. Medco bought PolyMedica earlier this year as part of their strategy to develop disease specific pharmacies called Therapeutic Resource Centers. This would probably be the most logical extension. It seems to be working for Medco.
      10. Buy into the international health
        space
        . This would probably be the most adventuresome with the biggest upside (if it could work). There is a lot of opportunity outside the US, but with limited investment, no managed care companies or PBMs have ventured too far. Express Scripts has a company in Canada. I know a few others have explored and/or tried small ventures.
      11. Buy into the generic manufacturer or distribution space. This would probably be the most lucrative. They have a huge distribution channel. Why not buy a portion of an existing generic manufacturer, open a distribution company (like McKesson, Cardinal, or AmerisourceBergen), and create a single source relationship with the Express Scripts pharmacy and give the retail pharmacies a different reimbursement rate if they used them.
      12. They could always try to become a retailer or go into the clinic business. There is something here, but it is a very different model and given the “training” they have done with the street over the past decade to focus on ROIC (return on invested capital), I don’t think they could do this.

      Now, the two things I would suggest if I were still there would be:

      1. Invest in IT. Look at how to automate more workflow activities. Look at technologies that drive patient self-service. Look at things that drive patient behavior (online tools, educational programs, incentive systems). Build out mass customization and personalization based on integrated data – medical and lab – so that no one can catch them. (But, if you are waiting to sell, don’t spend the money to overhaul the system.)
      2. Create some mad money in a Venture Capital type relationship with someone like Google or Microsoft that are trying so hard to get into the healthcare space and would welcome the relationship to jumpstart.

      Who knows? I certainly don’t know what they will do, but it is a fun position to be in. You have money. The market is at an inflection point. You want to be a catalyst. You have driven incredible results for a decade. What next?

      Forrester on Individual Health Market

      It is a few months old, but Forrester put out a report called “The $115 Billion Individual Health Insurance Opportunity” back in October of this year that is packed with facts and a few interesting concepts. The key point is that established companies need to maintain success in the B2B world that we live in today while aggressively migrating processes, collateral, skills, and products to work in the B2C market.

      I was definitely surprised by their statistic that 9% of today’s market is made up of individuals purchasing their own insurance and that 20% of the population is either in a high deductible or CDHC plan. Their data also says that 31% of the uninsured are actively investigating insurance. Obviously, this means a lot of people looking for health information and taking more responsibility for their care.

      They offer 3 recommendations:

      1. Get ahead of the legislative curve. I would agree. Companies should be out testing models right now with the early adopters. [One of my favorite quotes from one of the founders of IDEO goes something like ‘fail early to succeed sooner’.]
      2. Develop and launch innovative plan designs. They talk about Prudential’s “pay-as-you-go” model in Europe and American Community Mutual Insurance in Michigan that has a buy-up plan that you can buy after you get sick. WOW!! I am not sure how you underwrite this, but it sounds very interesting.
      3. Invest in low cost distribution channels. They talk about Tonik which I mentioned before and the building of online presence. They also talk about outsourcing.

      One of the big things that this will all require is some rebuilding of infrastructure to support different sales processes, personalization, claims set-up, and customer support. Companies should also be looking at data and how they can better use and mine data to learn and improve.

      Applying Technology Trends to Healthcare

      McKinsey recently put out their 8 technology trends article (access available with free registration). I thought I would translate those to the topic of healthcare communications. Hopefully, we don’t have to be hit by a bolt of lightning to change, but we realize and can document the ROI of acting now and improving our system by involving and reacting out to patients.

      1. Distributing Cocreation – This is the trend which is happening in many industries where consumers (patients) and suppliers (providers) are taking more involvement in product design and even advertising. New media and technology have enabled this to happen. This is a big opportunity for healthcare. In general, I see companies doing focus groups, but not letting product design be driven by the consumer. I don’t see competitions to design the next advertisement for a managed care company happening today.

      “By distributing innovation through the value chain, companies may reduce their costs and usher new products to market faster by eliminating the bottlenecks that come with total control.”

      1. Using Consumers as Innovators – This conceptually seems similar to the first trend although there are likely more differences than semantics, but the value remains in letting consumers push healthcare. How do we capture what they want and the value associated with it? How do we create business models that allow companies to exist to provide that offering? It’s not easy for individuals to drive innovation since we are often tied to what we know.
      2. Tapping Into A World Of Talent – For the past few decades, many other industries have focused on getting their executives to gain multi-cultural experiences by working globally. There have also been studies that link innovation to diversity. With the exception of pharma, most healthcare companies aren’t global. Sure, all the big companies look outside the US for models and occasionally to sell to the government entities, but not much has taken off. The primary expansion in leadership that I have seen over the past five years is a lot more healthcare companies recruiting in executives from non-healthcare companies which will create some diversity and bring a new perspective to the table. Interestingly, I think this also is an issue in the patient outreach process. Are your communications taking into account the diversity of your patient population – e.g., language, messaging, channel, speed of voice?
      3. Extracting More Value From Interactions – This is very true for healthcare. I would bet that the majority of communications in healthcare are either reactive (you call them) or required by regulatory issues (e.g., explanation of benefits or annual notification of change). These programs were originally designed to cost as little as possible so that someone could check the box. Well, guess what. Over the past few years, companies are realizing that these communications are their best ability to influence patients. So, what are the “golden moments” that exist where an interaction can drive loyalty, satisfaction, wellness, etc. Companies need to figure out what the potential value is and how to capture it.
      4. Expanding The Frontiers Of Automation – Automation has been a focus for years. Healthcare is not an exception expect people struggle with how to provide care and a personalized experience while leveraging automation and technology. And, now with technologies such as web services, companies can be interlinked and automated which (when done right) can improve the consumer’s experience. Of course, the second challenge is that automation is best when it enables a process and people don’t often think, manage, or operate from a process perspective.
      5. Unbundling Production From Delivery – I think the whole concept of unbundling could be very interesting given consumerism. Unbundling has already happened for the corporate buyer…they can buy health insurance separate from pharmacy. So, could I (the consumer) one day buy long term insurance separate from prescription coverage separate from my provider network separate from customer support. Could I choose my disease management company? What would that mean for group discounts, bulk purchasing, underwriting models, etc.?
      6. Putting More Science Into Management – We are a lucky generation in that we have access to reams of data and information. Of course, the challenge is how to turn this into intelligence and use it. It is easy to get overwhelmed and frozen. But as managers, using information applying algorithms, linguistics, and neurosciences to it to create personalized communications that apply to each micro-segment of your population is a great opportunity. It translates success from luck to predictable outcomes.

      “From “ideagoras” (eBay-like marketplaces for ideas) to predictive markets to performance-management approaches, ubiquitous standards-based technologies promote aggregation, processing, and decision making based on the use of growing pools of rich data.”

      1. Making Businesses From Information – Healthcare has long embraced this trend. There are numerous companies (e.g., IMS) which are built around information. There are clinical companies that produce drug monographs for use by clinicians. There are aggregators of information (e.g., ePocrates). The point is that companies not only create data exhaust, but as they apply decision sciences, they become consumers of more and more data.

      “Creative leaders can use a broad spectrum of new, technology-enabled options to craft their strategies. These trends are best seen as emerging patterns that can be applied in a wide variety of businesses. Executives should reflect on which patterns may start to reshape their markets and industries next—and on whether they have opportunities to catalyze change and shape the outcome rather than merely react to it.”

      These seem like reasonable trend predictions that are applicable generally and make a lot of sense form a healthcare perspective.

      Is Healthcare Missing a Generational Opportunity?

      I think a lot about some of the new marketing tactics being used by consumer product companies – sponsorship (e.g., McDonalds Holiday Lights at the Beach Presented by Verizon Wireless), advertisements or product placement in video games, corporate tattoos, YouTube videos, MySpace personas, and Second Life avatars. Logically, who cares about most of these for healthcare. The primary users of healthcare are the senior population…and they aren’t being influenced by these channels. The corporate buyers are the HR or benefit professionals…many of whom have professional consultants (e.g., Hewitt, Mercer). Branding is often an afterthought within healthcare.  [Can you image a company working with the reality show Survivor to make sure that one of their competitions earned the winner a personal healthcare coach sponsored by Cigna (for example) for a year?]

      BUT, we all know that health insurance (or any insurance) company is not typically viewed as a trusted entity looking out for your best interest. (As one of my old bosses used to say…how many times are you going out to dinner with your health care broker each year?) I guess my point is why are some of the key players thinking out 20 years and trying to figure out how to influence the younger generation and show healthcare as an entity that works to make their life better (e.g., have a video game where buying health insurance makes your character recover faster from injuries).

      For example, I believe most people have a great impression of architects as humane people based on The Brady Bunch’s depiction of the father figure who was an architect. The lead character in Spike Lee‘s movie, Jungle Fever, was an architect. Have you ever seen a movie where the lead character was the VP of claims at a managed care company or the CEO of a PBM? There needs to be someone out there thinking big picture and looking at what it will take over time to change the perception of healthcare because perception is ultimately reality so we have to address both. Fix the problem and get people to believe that we fixed the problem.

      Do We Eat Our Own Dog Food?

      I don’t know the answer here, but I am sure someone out there does. The question is whether healthcare professionals are bigger utilizers of healthcare services (e.g., MRIs, prescriptions, well visits, etc.). I always want to know that from service providers. If you are selling me a CRM (customer relationship management) application, do you use it? If you selling me financial advice, have you used your own advice to get rich?

      I think back to a prior job where I remember our lawyer telling me that they used anti-depressants, and my boss telling me that she had sleep problems and used drugs to help her sleep. But, in other cases, I know health professionals that will try many other options (e.g., diet, exercise, nutraceuticals) before using prescriptions.

      The reality is that whatever we do it isn’t something that can be extrapolated. We know too much and therefore aren’t a relevant predictor of behavior. Those of us that work in the industry are just too close. The problem is how many products, offerings, services, solutions, etc. are based on what we would want.

      We need that outside-in perspective to tell us what the average person (if such a person existed) or simply a normal person within a micro-niche might do. How would they react? How do they interpret information? What makes sense to them? If I say you have to “renew” your prescription every 12 months, do you know what that means? Does the term GPI or NDC or therapy class mean anything to you? I remember looking at our formulary documents one year which were organized by therapy class (e.g., Non-Sedating Antihistamines, Proton Pump Inhibitors) and all of a sudden realizing that no patient could understand that. We would mail it to them and expect them to know what the alternative drugs were in the class. They didn’t even know how to read the document.

      Medco on CDHC – Support Programs Are Important

      In Managed Healthcare Executive (12/1/07), there is a CDHC (Consumer Driven Healthcare) article by Medco which I found very interesting.

      • A survey by the Employee Benefit Research Institute found that 70% of those in consumer driven healthcare plans consider costs when deciding to see a doctor or fill a prescription (versus 40% in a comprehensive plan). [This seems like the premise of consumer driven healthcare…you will be more careful with the costs of healthcare when they come out of your pocket.]
      • The study also found that people were twice as likely (35% vs. 17%) to avoid, skip, or delay healthcare services. [I’m feeling better so I don’t need to finish taking that prescription or no reason to go for my screening until my cash flow is better…here is the problem.]
      • The problem is compounded as an employer. Not only can your costs go up but you could lose productivity of an employee.
      • The author talks about a 2005 Medco study which showed the medication adherence is associated with significant medical savings (e.g., $1 spent on Rxs for diabetes leads to $7 in medical savings)
      • The article says that the average number of Rxs per household was just more than 21 in 2003. [I have never seen it presented this way. I always use the number of 13.1 Rxs PMPY which is from 2005.]
      • The article talks about RationalMed which is Medco’s patient safety system that looks at integrated data (pharmacy, medical, lab, and patient self-reported). [I think that this type of data integration is critical to healthcare. The challenge is integration of the data and taking action on it. I would also like to know the predictive value of the system compared to other tools such as ActiveHealth.]
      • It points to some data on generic drugs that is great and which was new to me.

      “Generic drugs not only cost substantially less, but they also promote drug compliance. A recent study in The Archives of Internal Medicine found that patients who took a generic drug had close to a 13% increase in drug therapy adherence, compared with patients who took brand name third-tier drugs covered by their plan.”

      • The author goes on to talk about the need to provide patients with information and use tools to drive change. Here were a couple of the points being made:
        • People who used Savings Advisor (an online tool that compares costs) were 60% more likely to switch to a generic.
        • ¾ of people who discussed generics with their MD or pharmacist got a suggestion to use a generic. [I would like to see it for the percentage of people for which a generic was clinically appropriate. Was this 100% of the opportunities or 75% of the opportunities as implied?]
        • Direct mail about generics increased generic conversion by 22% at a savings of $88 per switch per year. [This seems low.]

      CDHC will only be successful when companies have figured out how to empower patients with information rather than simply shifting the burden of financial management to them.

      Bat Phones, Blue Phones, and On-Star

      I was listening to a GM commercial for their OnStar service earlier today, and it made me wonder.  If GM can design a service, staff a call center, and make money in the highly competitive car market, why can’t healthcare?

      Conceptually, it seems like such a great service.  No interactive voice response (IVR)…you actually get to a live agent right away.  You press a button and you are connected…no remembering numbers or having to find the right time to call.  They help you with any issue…rather than route you to some other person for follow-up.

      bat-phone.jpgMany of you will remember the “Bat Phone” from Batman where (if memory serves me) the Commissioner could pick up the phone and be instantly connected with Batman to ask for his help.  We tried a few programs to get at this at Express Scripts.  We worked with BCBS of Massachusetts to pilot the “Blue Phone” which was placed at certain high volume pharmacies and allowed patients to pick up the phone and talk directly to an agent that could address questions about their claim (i.e., why has my copay changed?  why isn’t this drug covered?  the claim got rejected, why?).

      “Customers seem to be willing to use the Blue Phone more each day,” said Jon Hersey, pharmacist at Stop & Shop. “The response from BCBSMA is routinely quick and customers don’t spend a lot of time waiting on the phone. This saves time for us and keeps the customers happy, because we can spend more time filling prescriptions and less time answering questions.”

      The other thing we tried was setting up a tiered customer service model where high utilizers of prescriptions were given a direct dial that took them directly to a group of skilled agents.  Patients loved both the Blue Phone and the tier service model.  The challenge of course is staffing appropriately and managing costs.  BUT, if companies were more proactive in call obviation, they could employ solutions like this.  If companies mined their data to identify when patients would call and reached out to them before they called to address their questions, then inbound call volume would drop dramatically and would be more the exception than the rule.

      DTC Marketing Blog

      I just discovered a blog this morning on DTC (Direct to Consumer) marketing around pharma. I read a few of the posts which seem to provide a good perspective on some of the recent things going on in the industry.

      One that stuck out at me talked about the effectiveness of sales reps.

      75 percent of pharma rep sales calls don’t involve a face-to-face meeting with a doctor, according to research by Leerink Swann & Co.

      I never worked for big pharma doing detailing, but I had a brief chance to try it when I managed a small sales force detailing physicians on generic drugs, mail order, and electronic prescribing.  The reps seemed to have decent access to physicians especially once they built a relationship with the office staff and understood his/her busy times.  Of course, we were bringing a new topic to the table and in some cases were partnering with the local healthplan.

      One of my biggest takeaways from that was that it takes at least 7 times (with the same message) to make an impression.  The physician is so busy and has so much information coming at them that this is a long-term strategy.  I am honestly surprised the industry hasn’t moved to online detailing or even “books-on-tape” type of detailing where the physician can get the information they need at the time they need it.

      It was also interesting that some places were beginning to charge pharma or the reps for  access to the physician.  It would be interesting to really sit back and understand how reps can help physicians improve the safety, adherence, and wellness of their patients.  That is in everyone’s interest assuming the market will bear the correct price for value-added therapies [which I think specialty drugs prove out given their ability to price the drugs at a 10x+ multiple of normal oral solids].

      Missouri Healthcare Discussion

      Last month, there was an article in the St. Louis Business Journal where several industry leaders commented on the future of healthcare for Missourians.  I thought several of the comments were universally relevant.

      The participants were:

      Facts / Comments from the article:

      • If you are living under 300% of the FPL (federal poverty level) and don’t have insurance, you are twice as likely to be admitted to the hospital for an avoidable condition
      • Government is the biggest payor – 10M lives covered as an employer, 40M Medicare lives, 51M Medicaid lives, and 47M uninsured.

      “The tragedy in St. Louis right now is that within the city and parts of the county, we still have third world outcomes.”  [Ron Levy]

      •  70-80% of everything the doctor says isn’t understood by the patient
      • Dr. Lipstein mentioned a few of the BJC websites for the public – helpforyourhealth.org and myhealthfolders.com.  I scanned the helpforyourhealth site which has some nice features like a ask the pharmacist button where the Q&A is posted for everyone to see.  On the other hand, the myhealthfolders appears to be their own PHR but mostly self-reported information.
      • Dr. Lipstein also talks about the fact that they have evidence that investing in health literacy and promotion, screenings for blood sugar, cholesterol, blood pressure, and BMI, and getting people into programs to manage diseases or risks can lower the costs of healthcare.
      • Dr. Lipstein also says that the Cleveland Clinic won’t hire anyone who smokes anymore and Scott’s gives you six months to quit smoking or you get fired.  (Based on the fact that it costs about $3,400 more per year to employ someone who smokes.)
      • They talk a little about the Danish model of healthcare where primary care physicians are actually paid more than specialists.
      • Dr. Peck talks about the fact that 75% of healthcare costs are from people with chronic disease and many of those could be identified early through risk factors.
      • Ron Levy talks about how 1/3 of the Medicare costs are spent in the last 3-6 months of life.

      It was a good piece.  Healthcare as always is complicated with lots of factors.  The only way to fix things is to understand the correlations, isolate a few factors, and improve them.  I think a lot of solutions get discounted because their is always some reason why they can fail.

      My big takeaway from the discussion was prevention.  We need more education, more screenings, and more wellness activities.  The question is aligning incentives at the patient and payor level to invest in these.

      Generic Biologics

      injection.jpgI mentioned this yesterday in a blog entry about The Right Prescription.  But I found a few things in an AHIP article today:

      •  Biologics are expensive, cutting-edge medical treatments made from living cells
      • $52.7B industry today; projected to grow to $90B by 2009

      “We must focus our efforts on properly managing the costs of biotech drugs to ensure the pharmacy benefit is protected and preserved for the future.”  (Steve Miller, MD, Chief Medical Officer at Express Scripts)

      •  The  say that the top two anemia drugs accounted for 17% of all Medicare Part B carrier spending in 2005.  Two other biologics for cancer and rheumatoid arthritis made up another 3% of Medicare spending.
      • There is lots of discussion going on here at the legislative level to create a pathway for generic biologics to come to market.
      • PCMA estimated $14B in savings over the next 10 years if a pathway is created and Express Scripts estimated $71B in savings.

      Wellpoint Investor Presentation

      I was looking at a Wellpoint investor presentation and picked a few slides to pull out. It is definitely an interesting read to see all the things they are doing and how they approach the market. The first one talks about the prevalence of chronic diseases. The second about the obesity trend, and the third about some of their activities around consumerism.

      wellpoint-chronic-disease.pngwellpoint-obesity.pngwellpoint-consumerism.png

      Are You Growing Your Vegetables

      I read this interesting analogy this morning about marketing and comparing it to gardening.  I think the author’s points are very relevant when you think about patient retention within healthcare.  A few of the points that come through in the blog entry are:

      1.  It takes effort.  (i.e., vegetables don’t just grow by themselves)
      2. You have to be consistent.  (i.e., you can’t overwater one day and not water for weeks)
      3. Not all vegetables are the same.  (e.g., some like more water or light than others)
      4. You do get better with practice. 
      5. There is lots of competition (e.g., bugs, animals), but it is healthy.  You can’t simply kill the competition with pesticide (i.e., price war).

      Two points that the author didn’t make which I think are relevant are:

      1. You can’t grow all vegetables at once.  (i.e., you have to focus on what will respond given your soil, environment, etc.)
      2. You have to plan long-term.  (e.g., some professional farmers rotate fields to optimize yield over multiple years)

      The Right Prescription

      I stumbled across a site today called The Right Prescription which is supported by a coalition that includes all the large PBMs along with some large employers and others.  It is primarily focused on generic biopharmaceuticals.  Here is the text on the home page:

      Skyrocketing prescription drug costs are crippling America’s health care system and pricing many consumers out of the medicines they need to live. One clear answer to this health care crisis is to ensure consumer access to safe, effective, affordable generic drugs.

      Yet today, an entire class of drugs called biopharmaceuticals lacks a clear pathway for the development and approval of generic versions, brand name drug manufacturers are using legal loopholes to extend their patents and the Office of Generic Drugs (OGD) lacks sufficient funding to review and approve of generic drug applications. Congress must provide a definitive FDA approval process for biogenerics, pass legislation such as the Lower PRICED Drugs Act (S. 2300) to close the loopholes that keep generic drugs off the market and increase funding for OGD to reduce its backlog and increase competition in the pharmaceutical market.

      It’s time to tell our lawmakers that generic drugs save lives.

      A Few Slides on Specialty

      I only have one more post queued up on content from the Outcomes conference. Here is some data on specialty drugs that shows the growth, their percentage of the market, the prevalence, and the cost per patient.

      More From ESI Outcomes

      Continuing to pull some facts from the prior Outcomes conferences

      When we first began using what we called AEC (Automated Educational Calls), we did a couple of quick pilots with control groups to see how they worked and if they increased lift in our existing programs. For one of my programs (retail-to-mail), we saw a boost on top of our direct mail program not only from those people that received a generic message but especially from those people who listened to the call. Here was a quick snapshot since over the course of multiple attempts we had a 5% success rate with direct mail and in certain programs had gotten our success rate as high as 16% in direct mail while still seeing additional “lift” in the success rate by coupling calls and letters together.

      Another question answered was whether DTC (direct-to-consumer) advertising worked. Here you see that the most heavily advertised space had significant trend. In other studies, we showed that although DTC may not grow the specific drug in a 1:1 correlation it did grow the total pie for that therapy class.

      As I mentioned yesterday in the entry about big pharma, the discovery of new products has dropped dramatically as shown here.

      If you are focused on what’s happening from a generic drug perspective, this chart is a good picture of what’s expected over the next few years.

      This is a little old (2004), but based on order of magnitude, it is relevant. The question is what is a theoretical maximum generic fill rate for some of the high cost therapy classes and what is this worth to a plan sponsor in terms of savings.

      Another set of data that I always found interesting was the variation in use of generics by state.

      The ESI Outcomes Conference

      It was always fun to prepare for our annual Outcomes conference at Express Scripts. What research did we have? Who would it surprise? How would it impact us or clients? Anyways, all of these presentations and even some audio are on the website (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007). I pulled a few slides / graphs with some key points below.

      Is there compliance elasticity with prescription drugs? Of course. The research team replicated a published study and found results that were much less dramatic and echoed prior research supporting the following. (elasticity in this case meant that for each 100% increase in the cost of the drug what was the decrease in utilization of the drug)
      elasticity-esi.png

      The differential between your brand and generic copays makes a difference in your generic fill rate (GFR). The data supports the null hypothesis that would say that the greater the difference (i.e., the more the patient saves) the higher the use of generic drugs.

      Why are people non-compliant (actually from the WSJ)?

      A question I often hear is what percentage of people call into the call center. Obviously this varies by population, but as shown below, it also greatly matters by how aggressive the plan design is and how many changes they are making.

      The next question should be whether disruption (measured by the proxy of inbound call volume) is worth it. So, the slides show the trend versus the call volume.

      Sticking with the theme, the question is how long does the disruption last. Not too long.

      It is never easy to get information out to patients in a timely and effective manner, but the question that also had to be asked is whether they wanted the information. From a 2002 Express Scripts survey:

      • 74% “feel more valued” when they understand the rationale behind their benefit design.
      • 85% “want information” about how to save money on their prescription drugs.
      • 80% feel “more in charge” when they understand choices

      IBM HC 2015 – Win-Win or Lose-Lose

      I skimmed another IBM publication today which I thought was a great piece – IBM Healthcare 2015: Win-win or lose-lose?. (A little long at ~70 pages, but good with concise charts.) It talks about what healthcare has to do to survive and create a win-win model. It looks at it from multiple perspectives – payor, provider, consumer, and supplier. They also do a good job of describing several unique models around the world and talking about several trends here in the US.

      Here are a few quotes, facts, and charts from the publication which should tempt you to go read it…(note: I am not going to show all their sources, but you can get them from their publication.)

      “The United States spends 22 percent more than second-ranked Luxembourg, 49 percent more than third-ranked Switzerland on healthcare per capita, and 2.4 times the average of the other OECD countries. Yet, the World Health Organization ranks it 37th in overall health system performance.

      In Ontario, Canada’s most populous province, healthcare will account for 50 percent of governmental spending by 2011, two-thirds by 2017, and 100 percent by 2026.

      In China, 39 percent of the rural population and 36 percent of urban population cannot afford professional medical treatment despite the success of the country’s economic and social reforms over the past 25 years.

      Approximately 80 percent of coronary heart disease, up to 90 percent of type 2 diabetes, and more than half of cancers could be prevented through lifestyle changes, such as proper diet and exercise.

      Preventable medical errors kill the equivalent of more than a jumbo jet full of people every day in the US and about 25 people per day in Australia.”

      Table on IBM’s recommendations by stakeholder for what has to happen to transform to a value-based healthcare system (win-win).

      ibm-table-1-on-change.png

      IBM chart pointing out the obesity issue’s growth

      ibm-on-obesity-trend.png

      They talk a lot about the current system’s focus on episodic care while the problem is chronic disease.

      ibm-3-chronic-disease.png

      You will see lots of the buzzwords we hear today (transparency, empowerment, consumerism, infomediary, value-based) throughout the article, but they are delivered with facts and anecdotes to support their perspective.

      ibm-4-transforming-health.png

      I could go on, but I will leave it with a nice adaptation of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which they present around healthcare.

      ibm-healthcare-hierarchy-of-needs.png

      You will find information in here around telemedicine, retail medicine, health tourism, and they tee up some of the hard discussions about when is it too much. How much should we spend (individually or as a society)? What expectations should we have? A lot of it requires a different mindset for all the constituents. This would be a good read for the presidential candidates.